The Brethren essays

The Brethren essays The novel, The Brethren, written by John Grisham takes place primarily in a minimum security federal prison in Florida. The time period is modern day. The prison is called Trumble. It is full of harmless criminals, crooks, lawyers, embezzlers, judges, and drug dealers. There are no barbed wire fences or guard towers. Fighting is not tolerated, and some criminals choose to escape by running and make it on the outside. This setting plays a key role in the book because this is where the scam takes place. The scam could be easily tracked if it were not in a prison. Also the scam artists are in prison with little to do with lots of time on their hands. This is how they have the opportunity to cook up the scam. The secondary setting is not a concrete setting. It takes place all across the United States from Washington D.C. to Seattle. It may be in a Boeing 747 or in a secret CIA headquarters, or in a post office. This secondary setting is crucial to the book because the presidential candidate mails a letter to the scam artists in a hurry when his plane is going down. One major character in the book is Congressman Aaron Lake of Arizona. Lake is an individual who likes to be by himself and enjoys being a simple man. Aaron Lake gets chosen to run for president by the CIA to help build up the United States defense, and go after the Russian bomb making army. Lake is a widower and is a closet homosexual. Lake is the nations only hope for self-defense. He gets connected with the Brethren by responding to their gay pen pal ad. In addition to Lake, another main character is Judge Joe Roy Spicer. Spicer was a Justice of the Peace in Mississippi. Spicer had 90,000 dollars of stolen bingo money buried in his backyard. Spicer is the main man in the trio of judges called the Brethren. The Brethren is three ex-judges who do petty court cases in prison for little money. Justice Spicer enjoyed gambling on college sports...

Photoelectric Effect Definition and Explanation

Photoelectric Effect Definition and Explanation The photoelectric effect occurs when matter emits electrons upon exposure to electromagnetic radiation, such as photons of light. Heres a closer look at what the photoelectric effect is and how it works. Overview of the Photoelectric Effect The photoelectric effect is studied in part because it can be an introduction to wave-particle duality and quantum mechanics. When a surface is exposed to sufficiently energetic electromagnetic energy, light will be absorbed and electrons will be emitted. The threshold frequency is different for different materials. It is visible light for alkali metals, near-ultraviolet light for other metals, and extreme-ultraviolet radiation for nonmetals. The photoelectric effect occurs with photons having energies from a few electronvolts to over 1 MeV. At the high photon energies comparable to the electron rest energy of 511 keV, Compton scattering may occur pair production may take place at energies over 1.022 MeV. Einstein proposed that light consisted of quanta, which we call photons. He suggested that the energy in each quantum of light was equal to the frequency multiplied by a constant (Plancks constant) and that a photon with a frequency over a certain threshold would have sufficient energy to eject a single electron, producing the photoelectric effect. It turns out that light does not need to be quantized in order to explain the photoelectric effect, but some textbooks persist in saying that the photoelectric effect demonstrates the particle nature of light. Einsteins Equations for the Photoelectric Effect Einsteins interpretation of the photoelectric effect results in equations which are valid for visible and ultraviolet light: energy of photon energy needed to remove an electron kinetic energy of the emitted electron hÃŽ ½ W E whereh is Plancks constantÃŽ ½ is the frequency of the incident photonW is the work function, which is the minimum energy required to remove an electron from the surface of a given metal: hÃŽ ½0E is the maximum kinetic energy of ejected electrons: 1/2 mv2ÃŽ ½0 is the threshold frequency for the photoelectric effectm is the rest mass of the ejected electronv is the speed of the ejected electron No electron will be emitted if the incident photons energy is less than the work function. Applying Einsteins special theory of relativity, the relationship between energy (E) and momentum (p) of a particle is E [(pc)2 (mc2)2](1/2) where m is the rest mass of the particle and c is the velocity of light in a vacuum. Key Features of the Photoelectric Effect The rate at which photoelectrons are ejected is directly proportional to the intensity of the incident light, for a given frequency of incident radiation and metal.The time between the incidence and emission of a photoelectron is very small, less than 10–9 second.For a given metal, there is a minimum frequency of incident radiation below which the photoelectric effect will not occur so no photoelectrons can be emitted (threshold frequency).Above the threshold frequency, the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectron depends on the frequency of the incident radiation but is independent of its intensity.If the incident light is linearly polarized then the directional distribution of emitted electrons will peak in the direction of polarization (the direction of the electric field). Comparing the Photoelectric Effect With Other Interactions When light and matter interact, several processes are possible, depending on the energy of incident radiation. The photoelectric effect results from low energy light. Mid-energy can produce Thomson scattering and Compton scattering. High energy light can cause pair production.